Structure and composition of vegetation in old-growth and managed forests. Birds typically nesting within certain habitats are listed below the habitat. Triangular-shaped canopies represent fir trees (Douglas-fir in the overstory; grand fir in the understory). Oval-shaped canopies represent Ponderosa pine, and straight lines delineate standing snags. (From: Mannan and Meslow, 1984).

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