Different species of birds use different aspects of vertical structure in northern forests (hemlock-maple-yellow birch).

A (canopy): warblers (Blackburnian warbler), finches (purple finch), accipters (goshawk), pileated woodpecker, grosbeaks (evening and rose-breasted).

B (understory/shrub): hummingbirds (nests), orioles, insectivores (flycatchers), juncos, brown creeper.

C (ground): ovenbirds, juncos (feeding), thrushes (robin, Hermit thrush), hummingbirds (feeding).

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